07.1 | The Ancient Foundation of History

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Prehistory

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Prehistory

6-5 million BCE - Earliest protohumans
2.5 million BCE - Homo habilis
2.2-1.8 million BCE - Homo erectus
400,000-200,000 BCE - Homo sapiens
200,000-100,000 BCE - Modern humans in Africa
120,000 BCE - Modern humans in West Asia
100,000-9500 BCE - Paleolithic and Mesolithic Eras
70,000-35,000 BCE - Modern humans in India, Southeast Asia, China, and Europe
20,000-15,000 BCE - Modern humans in the Americas
9500-8000 BCE - Neolithic Era; the beginning of agriculture in southwestern Asia
7000-5000 BCE - Agriculture in Nubia, China, Mexico, New Guinea, Greece, India, and Thailand
3500-3200 BCE - First cities in western Asia
3100-2000 BCE - First cities in India, Egypt, China, Peru
3000 BCE - Introduction of Bronze
3000-1000 BCE - Agriculture in island southeast Asia, tropical West Africa, North America
2000 BCE - Modern humans to western Pacific islands
1600-1000 BCE - First cities in Crete and Mexico
1500 BCE - Introduction of Iron
1000 BCE - Modern humans to New Zealand
100 BCE - First cities in West Africa

Mesopotamia

5500 BCE - First Sumerian settlements
3200 BCE - First cuneiform writing
3000-2300 BCE - Sumerian city-states
2500-2100 BCE - Jiroft
2350-2160 BCE - Akkadian Empire
2100-2000 BCE - Neo-Sumerian Empire led by Ur
Ca. 2000 BCE - Epic of Gilgamesh
1800-1595 BCE - Old Babylonian Empire
Ca. 1790-1780 BCE - Hammurabi's Law Code
1600-1200 BCE - Hittite Empire
1155-605 BCE - Assyrian Empire
Ca. 626-539 BCE - Chaldean (Neo-Babylonian) Empire
Ca. 539-3320 BCE - Persian Empire

India and Central Asia

2600-1750 BCE - Harappan city-states
2200-1800 BCE - Oxus cities
1500-1000 BCE - Aryan age
1000-700 BCE - Compilation of Brahmanas
1000-450 BCE - Height of Indo-Aryan synthesis
800-600 BCE - Compilation of Upanishads

Egypt

3100-3000 BCE - Upper and Lower Egypt unified
2686-2181 BCE - Old Kingdom (Pyramids of Giza)
2181-2041 BCE - First Intermediate Period
2040-1786 BCE - Middle Kingdom
1786-1550 BCE - Second Intermediate Period
1550-1064 BCE - New Kingdom
1064-525 BCE - Third Intermediate Period

Sub-Saharan Africa

8000-5000 BCE - Earliest agriculture in Sahara, Nubia, and Ethiopia
2000-500 BCE - Bantu migrations
1800-1500 BCE - Nubian kingdom of Kerma
1200 BCE - Early urbanisation in western Sudan
1000-500 BCE- Beginning of trans-Saharan trade
900 BCE - Rise of Kush
900-800 BCE - Mande towns

Eastern Mediterranean

2000-1500 BCE - Possible time frame for Abraham (biblical)
2000-1400 BCE - Minoan Crete
1600-1200 BCE - Mycenaean
1500-650 BCE - Phoenicia
1300-1200 BCE - Hebrew Exodus from Egypt (biblical)
1250 BCE - Destruction of Troy, possibly by Mycenaeans
1200-800 BCE - Greek "Dark Age"
1000-722 BCE - Hebrew kingdoms
750 BCE - Carthage colony established by Phoenicians
722 BCE - Assyrian conquest of Israel
586 BCE - Chaldean conquest of Judah
539 BCE - End of the Babylonian captivity

China

8000-7000 BCE - Agriculture begins in the Yellow River Basin
7000-5000 BCE - Agriculture begins in the Yangzi River Basin
5000-3000 BCE - Yangshao culture
3000-2200 BCE - Longshan culture
2183-1752 BCE - Xia dynasty in northern China
1752-1122 BCE - Shang dynasty
1400 BCE - Beginning of the bronze-casting industry
1122-221 BCE - Shou dynasty

Japan and Southeast Asia

10,000-300 BCE - Jomon culture
8000-6000 BCE - Agriculture begins in Southeast Asia
7000-4000 BCE - Agriculture begins in New Guinea
5000-2000 BCE - Agriculture begins in Korea
4000-2000 BCE - Austronesian migrations
2000-1500 BCE - Bronze age begins in Southeast Asia
1600-1000 BCE - Melanesian and Austronesian migrations into South Pacific
1000-800 BCE - First Southeast Asian states
1000 BCE - Austronesian settlement of Samoa and Tonga

The Americas

20,000 BCE - Possible earliest migrations to America
11,500-9500 BCE - Beginning of Clovis culture
8000 BCE - Beginning of agriculture in Mesoamerica and Andes
3000-1600 BCE - Peruvian cities
2500 BCE Earliest mound-building cultures
2500 BCE Agriculture in lower Mississippi Valley
2000 BCE - Earliest agriculture in southwestern North America
1500 BCE - Agriculture in Amazon Basin
1200-300 BCE - Olmec
1200-200 BCE - Chalvín
1000-500 BCE Poverty Point culture
650 BCE - Olmec writing


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